Gemmology.

- Gemmology :-
    The scientific study of gemstones is called Gemmology. It is a geoscience and a branch of mineralogy. Gemmology involves identification of synthetic and natural gemstones, the methods of testing, the sources of precious metals and alloys, cutting and polishing synthetic gems along with their grading and evaluation. It also includes the study of gem deposits and the study of physical, chemical and optical properties of gems. There are several institutions offering courses in Gemmology in India and abroad. The course covers several aspects like occurrence of various stones, their identification, jewellery designing and making etc. Usually, academically qualified Gemmologists become experts in the identification of origin of gems. Further, Gemmologists specialize in gemstones like diamonds, sapphires or emeralds.
    Of late, the field of Gemmology has attained much significance owing to the growing demand for gemmological services. A phenomenal rise in the manufacture of synthetic gems has created more opportunities for qualified evaluators. Now a days, Gemmologists also identify fracture filled gemstones and treated natural gemstones. Due to the booming Gems and Jewellery industry, Gemmology has emerged as a preferred career option for anyone with an artistic skills and aesthetic sense. The flourishing gems and jewellery industry has created manifold opportunities of employment in various positions. One can choose from various options based on aptitude and skill sets. Gemstone Appraiser, Lapidarist, Cataloguer and Jewellery Designer are some of them.
    Gems are generally classified based on their physical properties such as crystal structure, specific gravity, refractive index, hardness, indentations and bubbles. The microscopic study of the internal structure of the gemstones distinguishes natural gemstones from synthetic ones. A gemstone is valued by several factors wherein, its origin is the most crucial. A qualified or experienced Gemmologist can identify the origin of gemstones with a spectroscopic analysis.

- Properties used to identify gems :-
  - Refractive Index :-
    Gems are identified by their Refractive index using Refractometers. The refraction of light in the gem is measured by passing a beam of light through it. The critical angle, at which light is reflected back is measured and compared with the documented data. It is used to identify the identity of the gemstone.
  - Specific gravity :-
    It is the relationship between the weight of a gemstone and the weight of water in an equal volume. The Specific gravity of gemstones ranges between 1 and 7. The value of lighter gems is under 2, whereas, the gems above 4 are heavy. Based on the chemical composition of the gemstones, the specific gravity of the gemstones vary from each other.
  - Spectroscopy :-
    Gemstones are identified by analysing their absorption spectrum measured with a spectroscope. Each gemstone has its unique absorption spectrum. A gem’s colour is indicated by the element responsible for it shown as bands in the spectroscope. Synthetic and natural gemstones are distinguished with their absorption spectrum.

- Healing with gemstones :-
    The healing properties of gemstones are increasingly acknowledged by people both in India and abroad. The field of Gemmology prominently figures in this context to identify and authenticate various gemstones and their origin.
    Different precious and semiprecious gemstones represent the nine planets according to Astrology, namely, Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Rahu and Ketu. It is believed that the all pervading cosmic energy is channelised to the wearer of the gemstone. Gemstones are worn to enhance the power of the planets as per an individual’s horoscope. They are believed to ward off evil forces and hindrances from one’s path. Gems are often worn to find remedies in Business, family matters, careers, health, court cases, relationships etc.